[Ol]Teenagers are paradoxical. ,That's a mild and detached way of saying something that parents often express with considerably stronger language. ❷But the paradox is scientific as well as personal.❸In adolescence, helpless and dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about everything become independent people who can take care of themselves and help each other. ,At the same time, once cheerful and compliant children become rebellious teenage risk-takers. [®2] A new study published in the journal Child Development, by Eveline Crone of the University of Leiden and colleagues, suggests that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand. •The study is part of a new wave of thinking about adolescence.❸For a long time, scientists and policy makers concentrated on the idea that teenagers were a problem that needed to be solved. ❷The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of opportunity as well as risk. [3] ❷The researchers studied "prosocial" and rebellious traits in more than 200 children and young adults, ranging from 11 to 28 years old. ®The participants filled out questionnaires about how often they did things that were altruistic and positive, like sacrificing their own interests to help a friend, or rebellious and negative, like getting drunk or staying out late. [4] ®Other studies have shown that rebellious behavior increases as you become a teenager and then fades away as you grow older. •But the new study shows that, interestingly, the same pattern holds for prosocial behavior. ❷Teenagers were more likely than younger children or adults to report that they did things like unselfishly help a friend. [5] SMost significantly, there was a positive correlation between prosociality and rebelliousness. SThe teenagers who were more rebellious were also more likely to help others. •The good and bad sides of adolescence seem to develop together. [6] 01s there some common factor that underlies these apparently contradictory developments? ,One idea is that teenage behavior is related to what researchers call "reward sensitivity.M ❷Decision-making always involves balancing rewards and risks, benefits and costs.❹"Reward sensitivity'' measures how much reward it takes to outweigh risk. [7] STeenagers are particularly sensitive to social rewards— winning the game, impressing a new friend, getting that boy to notice you. —Reward sensitivity, like prosocial behavior and risk-taking, seems to go up in adolescence and then down again as we age. •Somehow, when you hit 30, the chance that something exciting and new will happen at that party just doesn't seem to outweigh the effort of getting up off the couch. r
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青少年是自相矛盾的。这是一种温和且客 观的表达方式，父母的措辞通常强硬得多。但这 种矛盾既是科学的，也是针对个人的。（36）左 青春期，几乎一切都依赖于成年人的无助的、 未自立的孩子变得独立，他们可以照顾自己， 并能互相帮助。与此同时，曾经快乐顺从的孩 子变成了叛逆的青少年冒险者。 菜顿大学的伊夫琳・克龙及其同事 在《儿童发展》杂志上发表的一项新研究表明， 青少年的积极面和消极面密切相关。这项研究 是关于青春期新思潮的一部分。长期以来,科 学家和政策制定者专注于“青少年是需要解决 的难题”这一观点。这项新研究强调，青春期 既是机遇期，也是风险期。 研究人员对"200多名11岁到28岁之间的 儿童和年轻人的“亲社会”和叛逆特征进行了 研究。参与者填写了问卷，问卷内容是关于他 们做利他的、积极的事情（例如牺牲自己的利 益帮助朋友）的频率，以及做叛逆的、消极的 事情（例如醉酒或晚归）的频率。 其他研究已经表明，叛逆行为会随 着人成长为青少年而增加，然后再随着年龄的 增长逐渐消失。但有趣的是，该项新研究表明， 同样的模式也适用于亲社会行为。青少年比更 小的孩子或成年人更有可能反映他们做过类似 无私帮助朋友的事情。 最值得注意的是，亲社会性与叛逆性呈正 相关。越叛逆的青少年也越有可能帮助他人。 青春期好的与坏的方面似乎是共同发展的。 这些明显相互矛盾的发展是否可以用某种 共同因素解释？ (39) —种观点认为，青少年 的行为与研究人员所说的“奖励敏感性”有关。 决策总是涉及权衡奖励与风险、收益与成本。 奖励敏感性”衡量的是需要多少奖励才能超 过风险。 青少年对社会奖励一赢得比赛， 给新朋友留下深刻印象，让那个男孩注意到自 己——特别敏感。就像亲社会行为和冒险行为 一样，奖励敏感,性似乎也是在青春期上升，然 后随着我们年龄的增长再次下降。不知怎么地， 当人到了 30岁，那个派对上将发生令人兴奋 和新鲜的事情的可能性似乎无法让你花力气从 沙发上起来。 篇章结构】 第一段：引出话题——青少年是自相矛盾的 第二段：新研究发现青春期的积极面和消极面密切相关 青少年为什 第三段: 研究的具体内容 第二至五段：描述研究〈 么是自相矛 第四段: 该研究表明亲社会行为与叛逆行为的发展模式相同 盾的？ 第五段: 亲社会性与叛逆性呈正相关 第六段. 有观点认为青少年行为和“奖励敏感性”有关 第六、七段：分析原因｛ 第七段: 奖励敏感性与亲社会行为的发展规律一致